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1.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 40(4): 330-335, dic. 2013. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-703269

ABSTRACT

Chile's School Feeding Program delivers approximately 215,000 and 1.3 million breakfast and lunch trays daily to preschool and school children attending public schools. In 2011 we carried out a study with the objective to determine Kcal provided and consumed from breakfast and lunch trays respectively, acceptance" of the preparations and assess if there was an association between K cal consumed and nutritional status. The sample included 199 5 y old children from 6 schools located in 3 low income districts of Santiago (2 per district). K cal consumed was determined by the difference in weight of each preparation from 429 and 1491 breakfast and lunch trays, respectively. Almost 50% of the children were overweight. 10.8% and 30% of the breakfast and lunch trays respectively provided less K cal than indicated, while in 50% of them, there was an excess. In 22.5% of breakfast and lunch trays added together, consumption exceeded the amount indicated. The correlation between consumption of the preparation and acceptance was good. Salads showed low acceptability. No relation was found between K cal consumed and nutritional status. This program should include a revision of the combination of food preparations and their correct portioning as a means of addressing the high prevalence of childhood obesity.


El Programa de Alimentación Escolar de Chile (PAE) entrega diariamente 215.000 raciones de desayuno y almuerzo a preescolares y 1.3 millones a escolares de escuelas públicas y subvencionadas del país. El año 2011 efectuamos un estudio cuyo objetivo fue determinar las Kcal aportadas y consumidas en el desayuno y almuerzo, determinar si las preparaciones les gustaban a los niños y verificar si habría una relación entre Kcal consumidas y estado nutricional. La muestra incluyó a 199 niños de 5 años de 6 escuelas de 3 comunas (2 por comuna) de nivel bajo de Santiago. Se determinaron las K cal consumidas por la técnica de pesaje por diferencia en 429 y 1491 bandejas de desayuno y almuerzo respectivamente. Cerca del 50% de los niños tenía sobrepeso. En 10,8% y 30% de las bandejas de desayuno y almuerzo respectivamente el aporte calórico fue inferior a lo indicado; en 50% fue superior. En 22,5 % de las bandejas de ambos servicios, el consumo fue superior a lo establecido. Hubo una buena correlación entre consumo de la preparación y si les gustó. Las ensaladas mostraron baja aceptabilidad. No hubo relación entre estado nutricional y el consumo de calorías. Frente a la alta prevalencia de obesidad, se recomienda revisar la combinación de preparaciones y el porcionamiento de éstas.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Energy Intake , Eating , Child , Child Nutrition , Breakfast , Lunch
2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 39(4): 123-128, dic. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-673058

ABSTRACT

Las clases de educación física debieran contribuir a aumentar el gasto energético incluyendo actividades de intensidad moderada/vigorosa (AIMI) equivalentes al 50% de la clase. Se determinó el tiempo que destinan escolares a AIMI durante una clase de educación física, identificando si existen diferencias según el tipo de docente que efectúa la clase y el estado nutricional de los ninos. La muestra incluyó 549 ninos de 6-8 anos de 8 escuelas municipales. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas y tiempo en AIMI durante una clase de educación física utilizando podómetros. La proporción de clase que correspondió a AIMI fue de 15,8% y 12,9 % en varones y ninas respectivamente, sin diferencia por estado nutricional. Si la clase fue efectuada por especialista, ésta fue 16,9% y 14,2% y por el unidocente, 13,7 % y 10,8% en varones y ninas respectivamente. Se observaron diferencias por sexo y según el tipo de profesor, pero no por estado nutricional. La proporción de AIMI en la clase de educación física es sumamente baja, muy lejos de la recomendación de que sea 50% de la clase. El curriculum escolar debiera estar enfocado hacia actividades de mayor gasto energético y en lo posible quienes estén a cargo de la asignatura sean especialistas.


Physical education (PE) classes should contribute to increase daily energy expenditure, including moderate/ vigorous activities (MVA) during 50% ofthe class. We determined the % time in MVA during one PE class, identifying ifthere were differences according to the type of teacher in charge and the nutritional status of the children. The sample included 549 children 6 to 8 years old attending 8 public schools. Anthropometry and time in MVA were determined (usingpedometers). 15.8% and 12.9% of the PE class corresponded to MVA in boys and girls respectively, with no difference by nutritional status. If the class was taught by a PE teacher, 16.9% and 14.2% corresponded to MVA; if it was taught by the classroom teacher, it was 13.7% and 10.8% in boys and girls respectively. There were differences by sex and type of teacher, but not by nutritional status. The proportion of MVA during PE classes is much lower than the recommendation of 50% of the duration of the class. The curriculum should incorporate significantly more moderate/vigorous activities and if possible classes should be taught by PE teachers.


Subject(s)
Physical Education and Training , Students , Child , Nutritional Status , Energy Metabolism
3.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 37(2): 155-163, jun. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577380

ABSTRACT

Obesity is the main nutritional problem among Chilean children. Behavioral changes through the stage of change model have been proposed as allow cost prevention alternative that has greater impact than the informative model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of counseling on healthy lifestyles on the behavioral changes of obese children 6 to 9 years of age. A quasi-experimental pilot study including mothers caretakers (N=50) of obese children from public schools was carried out. The intervention consisted in three home-based counseling sessions to the mothers caretakers during a 16-week period. The main results indicated that counseling contributed to decreased daily television time and improved the nutritional quality of the foods brought from home by children from the intervention group compared to children from the control group. Counseling is an effective prevention strategy whose effects need to be confirmed in a randomized study including a larger sample.


La obesidad es el principal problema nutricional de la población infantil en Chile. La modificación de conductas a través del modelo de etapas de cambio se plantea como una alternativa de prevención de bajo costo y de mayor impacto respecto al modelo informativo. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la Consejería en Vida Sana en el cambio de conducta de niños obesos entre 6 y 9 años de escuelas municipalizadas de la comuna de Macul, Región Metropolitana. Para esto se realizó un estudio piloto con diseño cuasi-experimental que incluyó a las madres/cuidadoras (N=50) de estos niños. La intervención consistió en tres sesiones de consejería en el hogar a madres/cuidadoras durante 16 semanas. Los resultados indican que la consejería contribuyó a que los niños del grupo intervenido disminuyeran el tiempo diario de televisión y mejoraran la calidad nutricional de sus colaciones, comparado a lo observado en el grupo control. Se recomienda que se confirme la efectividad de la consejería como estrategia de prevención en un estudio aleatorio con un tamaño muestral mayor.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Caregivers , Child Health , Health Councils , Mother-Child Relations , Obesity/prevention & control , Body Mass Index , Child Behavior , Behavior Control/methods , Exercise , Feeding Behavior , Obesity/epidemiology , Pilot Projects , Surveys and Questionnaires , School Health Services , Socioeconomic Factors
4.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 37(2): 178-183, jun. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-577383

ABSTRACT

As part of a school-based intervention to prevent obesity in 7 public schools located in Chile, we carried out a study to determine the children's preferences related to the types of foods purchased at the school kiosk in two of those schools. We interviewed 668, 10-13 years old children (53.1 percent boys) and in addition to the types of foods purchased, we assessed the foods brought from home. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out. Sixty percent of the children had money to buy snacks; they mostly bought sweet snacks (35 percent), juice and ice cream (33 percent) and salty snacks (30 percent). Eleven percent of the children bought yogurt and 7 percent fruit. Children indicated as motivations to buy high energy snacks: were tasty (82 percent), sold at the kiosk (46 percent) and are cheap (38 percent). It is important to increase the supply of healthy snacks and to develop strategies to motivate schoolchildren to prefer them.


Se estudiaron las preferencias de compra de alimentos en el kiosco en escolares de 2 colegios de Chile. Se encuestaron 668 niños entre 10 y 13 años, 355 (53.1 por ciento) de sexo masculino, sobre los alimentos que llevaban de colación, los que compraban con su dinero y las motivaciones para la compra de alimentos. Los datos fueron analizados en forma descriptiva en la Unidad de Estadística del Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA). El 60 por ciento de los niños disponía de dinero para comprar alimentos y los que compraban habitualmente eran productos envasados dulces (35 por ciento), jugos y helados (33 por ciento) y productos envasados salados (30 por ciento). El 11 por ciento compraba yogur y el 7 por ciento fruta. Los niños señalaron como motivaciones para comer alimentos no saludables: son ricos (82 por ciento), los venden en el kiosco (46 por ciento) y son baratos (38 por ciento). Esto significa que es necesario aumentar la oferta y generar estrategias que motiven a los niños a preferir alimentos saludables dentro de los recintos educacionales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Advertising , Child Behavior/psychology , Food Preferences , Motivation , School Feeding , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feeding Behavior , Food and Nutrition Education , Whole Foods
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 136(1): 22-30, ene. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-483216

ABSTRACT

Background: With the aim of contributing to he Healthy Goal 2010 of reducing significantly the prevalence of childhood obestiy we developed and implemented during 2003 and 2004, a school-based obesity prevention intervention which included nutrition education and the promotion of physical activity. Aim To report the results of the intervention. Material and methods: The sample included 1760 children (1st to 7th grade) from 3 elementary public schools in Casablanca (experimental group) and 671 from a similar school located in Quillota, a neighboring city (control). Primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI) Zscore, the mile and shuttle-run tests and obesity prevalence. We also compared changes in waist circumference and triceps skinfold between both groups. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by analyzing separately the group *age* time interaction for the first 3 outcomes (follow-up-baseline), using a mixed model of covariance and by comparing variations in obesity prevalence between both groups. Results: There was a significant decline in BMI Z scores in experimental schools for both genders, but greater in boys (p <0.001 versus p =0.0034 in girls), while in controls, BMI Z scores increased. Obesity prevalence declined significantly in experimental schools; from 17 to 12.3 percent and from 14.1 to 10.3 percent in boys and girls respectively, while in the control group, it remained unchanged. Also, triceps skinfold in girls from Casablanca increased significantly ¡ess than that of control girls. Conclusion: This intervention proved that it is possible to reduce significantly the prevalence of obesity in Chilean schoolchildren attending public elementary schools.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Health Education/standards , Motor Activity/physiology , Nutrition Assessment , Obesity/prevention & control , Physical Fitness/physiology , Age Factors , Body Mass Index , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Health Promotion/methods , Obesity/epidemiology , Sex Distribution
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 135(1): 63-70, ene. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-443003

ABSTRACT

Background: In Chile, obesity is currently the main nutritional problem. Since prevention should start early in life, it is important to determine the prevalence of obesity during childhood according to age category. Aim: To determine and compare the evolution of the obesity prevalence and other anthropometric indicators in preschool children between 2002 and 2004. Material and methods: Twice a year, we analyzed the data of children aged 2 to 4 yrs, from day care centers belonging to the National Association of Day Care Centers located in Greater Santiago, from 2002 till 2004 (the number of children included on each point in time fluctuated between 3,500 and 10,000). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were carried out to determine the evolution of obesity prevalence, weight for age (WA) and body mass index (BMI) Z scores (according to the Centers for Disease Control 2000 reference) on preschoolers who were 2 years old in March 2002 and that were followed 3 years, until November 2004. These parameters were compared by age and gender over time. Results: The prevalence of obesity varied between 11 and 13.6 percent in two-year old children and between 17 percent and 20 percent in three and four year olds. The cross-sectional analysis showed that WA and BMI Z scores were significantly lower at 2 years of age, while the longitudinal analysis clearly demonstrated that there was a sharp rise in obesity between 2 and 3 years of age. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is high in preschool children, especially among the 3 and 4 year-olds with a significant rise from 2 to 3 years of age.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Child Day Care Centers/statistics & numerical data , Child Development/physiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Analysis of Variance , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Chile/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Prevalence , Sex Distribution , Time Factors
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(9): 1013-1020, sept. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429237

ABSTRACT

Background: As a consequence of the epidemiological transition in Chile, the nutritional status of the population has changed notoriously. Aim: To study the changes in the nutritional status of six years-old Chilean children from 1987 to 2003. Material and Methods: The computer data base of a government institution in charge of the School Lunch Program (JUNAEB) was used. It contains data on weight, height, sex and date of birth of six years old children, in the years 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003. Results: The data of approximately 80,000 children was analyzed. Both weight and height increased over the study years. There was a significant reduction in the number of children with weight deficit but also an increase in the proportion of children with obesity. Stunting was also reduced. The proportion of children with HAZ over 2 SD increased from 0.76 in 1987 to 2.2 percent in 2003. The prevalence of obesity has not increased since the year 2000. Conclusion: The stabilization in the prevalence of obesity is a positive finding, considering its adverse consequences for health.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Body Mass Index , Nutrition Assessment , Nutritional Status/physiology , Body Height/physiology , Body Weight , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Chile/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Thinness/epidemiology
8.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 32(2): 126-132, ago. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-476881

ABSTRACT

Se diseñó, implementó durante tres años (de 2002 a 2004) y evaluó una intervención en alimentación/nutrición y actividad física en escolares de educación básica de Casablanca. El objetivo general fue determinar la evolución en la prevalencia de obesidad en los mismos niños durante los tres años del estudio. La muestra incluyó 1103 escolares que en el 2002 estaban entre 1º a 6º básico en las tres escuelas municipales de la ciudad y que contaban con mediciones durante el período completo. Los componentes más importantes de la intervención incluyeron la aplicación de programa educativo FAO/INTA, charlas a los padres, aumento de las clases de educación física y un programa motivacional de actividad física. Los resultados muestran que la prevalencia de obesidad fue muy alta al inicio y que disminuyó de 21,6 por ciento a 12,2 por ciento en hombres y de 19,4 por ciento a 8,7 por ciento en mujeres. Este mismo análisis según categoría de edad al inicio y sexo, mostró una disminución a un tercio de la prevalencia original en mujeres que tuvieron entre 8 y 10 años y hombres entre 10 y 12 años al comienzo del estudio. Esta intervención fue exitosa en reducir significativamente la obesidad en escolares.


We designed, implemented during three years (from 2002 to 2004) and evaluated a school-based food/nutrition and physical activity intervention for primary school children from Casablanca, Chile. The general objective was to determine the trend in obesity prevalence during the three years of study of children followed longitudinally. The sample included 1103 children that attended 1st to 6th grade in 2002 in the three existing public primary schools of the city. The most important components of the intervention included the application of a educational program for primary school children developed by FAO/INTA, educational sessions for parents, increase in the number of physical (PE) education classes and a motivational PE program. Results showed that the baseline obesity prevalence was very high and decreased from 21.6 percent to 12.2 percent in boys and from 19.4 percent to 8.7 percent in girls. This same analysis done by age category at baseline and sex, showed that the prevalence was one third of the initial one in girls aged 8 to 10 years and boys aged 10 to 12 years at baseline. This intervention proved to decrease significantly the obesity prevalence among school children.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Promotion , Motor Activity , Nutrition Programs , Obesity , Students , Anthropometry , Chile , Nutrition Assessment , Obesity/prevention & control
9.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 32(1): 19-27, abr. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-476876

ABSTRACT

La deficiencia de hierro y de zinc son las carencia nutricionales más prevalente a nivel mundial. En Chile, sólo las mujeres en edad fértil y embarazadas presentan prevalencias de anemia por deficiencia de hierro significativas. En contraste, la mayoría de los grupos poblacionales presentan riesgos de deficiencia de zinc. Además, en nuestro país, que está en la etapa de transición epidemiológica, coexisten las deficiencias de microminerales con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la obesidad. La deficiencia de hierro y/o zinc pueden prevenirse mediante modificaciones de la dieta, enriquecimiento de los alimentos con estos nutrientes o suplementación con estos minerales. La fortificación de los alimentos es el método más práctico y sustentable de prevenir estas deficiencias en la población. La fortificación puede estar dirigida a toda la población (universal), a grupos de la población (focalizada) o voluntaria en la cual, la industria agrega micronutrientes a alimentos procesados para añadir valor agregado a los productos. Es recomendable que los alimentos a fortificar no contengan altos niveles de carbohidratos refinados para evitar un aumento del consumo de calorías vacías. Los alimentos más utilizados para la fortificación son las leches, cereales y harina de trigo. Recientemente se ha demostrado la eficacia de la fortificación voluntaria de alimentos derivados de la leche, cereales de desayuno y de bebidas analcohólicas no carbonatadas baja en calorías. Este último vehículo podría resultar ser una alternativa para aumentar el aporte de zinc a nuestra población y de hierro en grupos a riesgo como lo es la mujer en edad fértil.


Iron and zinc deficiency are the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide. In Chile, only women of fertile age and pregnant women present significant prevalences of iron deficiency anemia. On the contrary, the majority of the population is at risk of zinc deficiency. Furthermore, our country is experiencing an epidemiological transition, in which micromineral deficiencies and chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity coexist simultaneously. Iron and/or zinc deficiencies could be prevented by dietary improvement, food fortification or supplementation. Food fortification is considered the most practical and sustainable way of preventing micromineral deficiencies. Fortification could be addressed to the entire population (universal), to high risk groups (targeted) or voluntary, in which food producers add micronutrients to processed foods to increase the nutritional value of the products. It is recommended that the foods to be fortified do not contain high amounts of refined carbohydrates so as to prevent an increase in the intake of empty calories. Recently, the efficacy of the voluntary fortification of dairy products, breakfast cereals and non-carbonated non-alcoholic beverages has been demonstrated. These last vehicles may be an alternative to increase zinc intake in our population as well as iron intake in high risk groups such as women of fertile age.


Subject(s)
Humans , Zinc/blood , Dietary Supplements , Food, Fortified , Iron/blood , Chile , Iron, Dietary , Micronutrients
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 132(11): 1395-1402, nov. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-391845

ABSTRACT

Background: The Chilean Ministry of Health has developed a health promotion program called «Vida Chile¼, whose aim is to target risk factors for chronic diseases. To achieve this, school-based initiatives in nutrition and physical activity have been implemented. The evaluation of these initiatives includes a baseline assessment of these two variables. Aim: Baseline assessment of the nutritional status and aerobic capacity of elementary school children (1st to 8th grade). Material and methods: Children from seven public schools were studied. Weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness and waist circumference were measured. To test the aerobic capacity, the 20-m Shuttle Run Test (Navette) was utilized. Results: The assessment included 4,271 children, mean age was 10.2 years. The percentile of body mass index, as compared to the CDC 2000 Reference was 67.8±26.7 and 68±26.7 for boys and girls, respectively. The prevalence of obesity among children from 6 to 8 years, was 20.3 and 17.7% for boys and girls, respectively. Approximately 30% of males and 15% of females with normal weight had a good aerobic resistance, compared to 15 and 4% of their overweight counterparts. Aerobic capacity decreased with increasing age. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of obesity and a deficient level of aerobic capacity among children attending public schools in Chile.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Child Nutrition/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Health Promotion/standards , Nutritional Status , Age Distribution , Body Weights and Measures , Chile/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys , Obesity/epidemiology , Prevalence , Sex Distribution , Students
11.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 72(4): 308-318, jul.-ago. 2001. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-301883

ABSTRACT

La obesidad infantil constituye un problema de salud pública en Chile. Con el propósito de avanzar en la implementación de programas preventivos globales, se realizó un proyecto piloto en niños de 4º básico de escuelas municipalizadas, sus madres y profesores, con el objetivo de desarrollar, validar y aplicar instrumentos sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de alimentación, nutrición y actividad física; para establecer la línea base que oriente las intervenciones educativas y evaluar este tipo de estrategia en la prevención de obesidad. Pacientes y Método: la muestra incluyó a 251 escolares 240 madres y 39 profesores. Como parte del proceso de validación, se implementó una experiencia educativa de corta duración en los niños (26 horas) y madres (2 charlas) de una de las escuelas, para lo cual se desarrolló un material educativo específico. Los procesos de desarrollo y validación de los tests siguieron los pasos habituales para ese fin. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que los conocimientos de los niños, sus madres y profesores eran deficientes. Después de la experiencia educativa para niños y madres, estos mejoraron significativamente, sin embargo, no alcanzaron el nivel esperado. En los niños, se observó un bajo consumo de leche, frutas y verduras. Aun cuando los niños eran extremadamente sedentarios, especialmente las niñas. ellos manifestaron gustarles las clases de educación física y su deseo de aumentarlas. La autopercepción de su verdadero estado nutricional fue inadecuada, siendo aún peor en las mujeres. En las madres, un 34 por ciento no consumía leche; en el resto, el 73 por ciento prefiere la leche entera y menos del 30 por ciento la cambiaría por leche descremada


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Health Education/methods , Obesity , Exercise , Eating , Feeding Behavior , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
12.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 27(Supl. 1): 121-6, ago. 2000. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-290237

ABSTRACT

La dieta juega un rol fundamental en el control del balance energético, particularmente en la actualidad donde la gran disponibilidad de alimentos de alta densidad energética hacen difícil mantener el adecuado balance entre ingesta y requerimientos de energía. Se analizan los componentes dietarios que modulan la utilización de sustratos energéticos; particularmente el efecto glicémico insulinémico de las comidas, la cantidad y tipo de ácidos grasos ingeridos, y las diferencias en las rutas de oxidación o depósito que presentan en función de su estructura molecular. Es necesario analizar la dieta de una manera distinta, tomando en consideración al menos: el número de comidas diarias, su frecuencia, las mezclas de alimentos ingeridos en un mismo tiempo de comida y la composición de ácidos grasos que la componen. De este modo podremos comprender a la dieta como un importante agente modulador del metabolismo, y no simplemente como un mero aportador de energía y sustratos


Subject(s)
Humans , Diet/adverse effects , Obesity/etiology , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Energy Intake , Energy Requirement , Glucose/metabolism
13.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 27(Supl. 1): 127-34, ago. 2000. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-290238

ABSTRACT

El aumento de la prevalencia de obesidad en la mayoría de los países se ha producido en forma paralela al aumento del sedentarismo debido fundamentalmente a factores derivados de la urbanización. La asociación entre bajos niveles de actividad física y resistencia insulínica con el resultado de hiperinsulinemia, es el vínculo entre la obesidad, particularmente con predominio del depósito adiposo abdominal e intramusculoar, con la hipertensión, hiperlipidemia, diabetes tipo 2 y la enfermedad coronaria. Aún sin la presencia de obesidad, la inactividad física en sí misma constituye un factor de riesgo independiente que predispone a las enfermedades cardiovasculares y a otra serie de alteraciones metabólicas y osteomusculares. La combinación de dieta y ejercicio acelera y/o aumenta la pérdida de grasa, preserva o aumenta la masa magra y desacelera la disminución de la Tasa de Metabolismo Basal, de manera más eficiente que la restricción energética de la dieta de manera aislada. Algunos estudios aseguran que para lograr beneficios, la actividad física debiera generar al menos un gasto energético adicional diario de 200 kcal. Sin embargo, la literatura en el área de la sisiología del ejercicio se logran únicamente cuando se mejora la condición física del sujeto, mientras que el gasto de energía por actividad permite acercarse al logro del balance energético. En individuos obesos hipertensos, el ejercicio disminuye la presión tanto sistólica como diastólica normaliza los lípidos sanguíneos, aumentando las HDL y disminuyendo los triglicéridos en los individuos con valores inicialmente altos y mejora significativamente la sensibilidad a la insulina


Subject(s)
Humans , Physical Exertion/physiology , Exercise Therapy , Obesity/therapy , Diet, Reducing , Exercise/physiology , Energy Metabolism/physiology
16.
In. Albala Brevis, Cecilia; Kain B., Juliana; Burrows Argote, Raquel; Díaz Bustos, Erik. Obesidad: un desafío pendiente. Santiago de Chile, Universitaria, 2000. p.275-88, ilus, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-284859
19.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 127(5): 539-46, mayo 1999. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-243927

ABSTRACT

Background: In most developing countries, the prevalence of height deficit among schoolchildren correlates well with poverty. Therefore this indicator is frequently used to monitor the quality of life of a population. Aim: To assess the changes in height of children entering first grade during the last decade. Material and methods: The records of the Chilean Board of School Assistance, that recollects anthropometric data on 80 percent of the national population of school age children, were used. For the purposes of this analysis, data from first graders in 1987, 1990, 1993 and 1996 were considered. The absolute variation of height, height for age Z scores were calculated. Children were grouped by sex and by age, using 7 years old as the cutoff value. Results: During the last decade, height has increased significantly in men and women and in all ages. The increase has been greater in younger children. There is a higher proportion of males than women with height deficit. Conclusions: The increase in height can be attributed to the improvement in social, economic and biological conditions of our population as well as to the targeting strategies of existing food programs


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Body Height/physiology , Rural Areas , Nutritional Status , Prevalence , Failure to Thrive/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Sex Distribution , Socioeconomic Factors
20.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 126(8): 1001-9, ago. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232947

ABSTRACT

Socioeconomic and demographic changes in Chile, have modified its epidemiological profile. At the present time, the most important public health problems are non communicable chronic diseases, specially cardiovascular ailments. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has also increased and obesity stands out. This review analyzes the present situation of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors of nutritional origin, in Chile, and proposes intervention alternatives. At the present time 7 percent preschool children, 12 percent of school children, 24 percent of pregnant women, 10 percent of male adults and 24 percent of female adults are obese. This higher prevalence is even more pronounced in women of low socioeconomic level. Risk factors associated to obesity are an inadequate diet, with a higher consumption of fats and refined foods, sedentariness and hyperlipidemia. Primary and secondary care strategies must be devised to face this growing problem


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Pregnancy , Obesity/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Cholesterol, Dietary , Nutritional Status , Risk Factors , Feeding Behavior , Energy Intake
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